Carefully replace and tighten the lid on the cup, and then return it to the lab. Double-voided urine sample collection This method collects the urine your body is making right now. Urinate into the toilet or urinal.
Do not collect any of this urine. Drink a large glass of water, and wait about 30 to 40 minutes. Then get a urine sample. Follow the instructions above for collecting a clean-catch urine sample.
The collection period usually starts in the morning. When you first get up, urinate—but don't save this urine.
Write down the time that you urinated to mark the beginning of your hour collection period. For the next 24 hours, collect all your urine. Your doctor will usually provide you with a large container that holds about 4 L 1 gal and has a small amount of preservative in it.
Urinate into a smaller, clean container, and then pour the urine into the large container. Avoid touching the inside of the container with your fingers. Keep the large container in the refrigerator during the collection period. Urinate for the final time at or just before the end of the hour period.
Add this urine to the large container, and write down the time. Avoid getting toilet paper, pubic hair, stool feces , menstrual blood, or other foreign matter in the urine sample. How It Feels There is no discomfort in collecting a urine sample. Risks There is no chance for problems in collecting a urine sample. Results A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys.
Urine test results Colour Normal: Pale to dark yellow Abnormal: Many foods and medicines can affect the colour of the urine. Clarity Normal: Clear Abnormal: Cloudy urine can be caused by pus white blood cells , blood red blood cells , sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis. Odour Normal: Slightly "nutty" odour Abnormal: Some foods such as asparagus , vitamins, and antibiotics such as penicillin can cause urine to have a different odour.
Specific gravity Normal: 1. Protein Normal: None Abnormal: Protein in the urine may mean that kidney damage, an infection, cancer, high blood pressure , diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , or glomerulonephritis is present.
Ketones Normal: None Abnormal: Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia , alcohol use disorder , or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol isopropanol. Microscopic analysis Normal: Very few or no red or white blood cells or casts are seen.
Abnormal: Red blood cells in the urine may be caused by kidney or bladder injury, kidney stones , a urinary tract infection UTI , inflammation of the kidneys glomerulonephritis , a kidney or bladder tumour, or systemic lupus erythematosus SLE. Volume Normal: —2, millilitres mL per 24 hours. What Affects the Test Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include: If you are having your menstrual period.
Taking medicines, such as diuretics, erythromycin, trimethoprim, or high doses of vitamin C ascorbic acid taken with an antibiotic , such as tetracycline.
Having an X-ray test with contrast material in the past 3 days. Not getting the urine sample to the lab in 1 hour. What To Think About Some urine tests can be done using a home test kit. Ketones Other substances that may be checked during a urine test include: Bilirubin. This is a substance formed by the breakdown of red blood cells. It is passed from the body in stool. Bilirubin is not found in urine. If it is present, it often means that the liver is damaged or that the flow of bile from the gallbladder is blocked.
For more information, see the topic Bilirubin. This is a substance formed by the breakdown of bilirubin. It is also passed from the body in stool. Only small amounts of urobilinogen are found in urine. Urobilinogen in urine can be a sign of liver disease cirrhosis , hepatitis or that the flow of bile from the gallbladder is blocked.
Bence Jones protein. A urine test is often done when multiple myeloma is suspected. The protein test done during a regular urine test does not check for Bence Jones protein. To lower the chance of contaminating the urine sample with bacteria, a health professional may collect a urine sample by using a urinary catheter.
A catheter may be used to collect urine from a person in the hospital who is very ill or who can't give a clean-catch sample. Using a catheter allows a clean sample to be collected. If an abnormal result is found during a urine test, more tests may be done, such as a urine culture, X-ray of the kidneys intravenous pyelogram [IVP] , or cystoscopy.
Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests , 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Basic examination of urine. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; chap The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition.
A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites.
Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. Information developed by A. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have. Medical Tests. Other more reliable sources, such as blood, can produce higher yields without the risk of biomarker degradation. Urine tests may be able to detect DNA fragments, but the results may not be as clear as they could be in blood tests.
Urine samples can, however, be used to detect certain diseases and health conditions, including:. Blood is the most reliable source of DNA, followed by saliva and hair follicles. They can offer clues to your overall health, and may even help your doctor diagnose certain diseases and conditions. DNA carries the instructions necessary for your cells to produce proteins that affect many different processes and functions in your body.
DNA is…. While DNA test kits are a great way to find out fun facts about yourself — like whether you originate from Neanderthals — they can also include info…. A urinalysis is a laboratory test to detect problems with your body that can show signs in your urine. Problems with your lungs, kidneys, urinary…. Here's a step-by-step guide to cleaning your vulva or penis after you pee and the benefits and risks involved in the process.
If your doctor suspects complicated urinary tract infection UTI , there are several treatment options they may recommend. Urine can be tested for particular proteins, sugars, hormones or other chemicals, certain bacteria and its acidity or alkalinity.
Doctors can also tell a lot from how your urine looks and smells. For example dark urine could be a sign of dehydration; a cloudy appearance may suggest infection; if the urine is a reddish colour there may be blood in it; and a sweet smelling urine can be a sign of diabetes. That helps the doctor know how best to treat the infection, including prescribing the right type of antibiotic one that particular microorganism is sensitive to.
At the GP, the first test uses a dipstick or strip test sometimes called a rapid urine test. This involves dipping a specially treated plastic or paper strip into a urine sample collected in a sterile plastic pot. The doctor compares the colour of the test strip with a chart of standard colours.
Then, the doctor sends off a sample of the urine to the laboratory for further testing. There, a laboratory technician can view it under a microscope to look for bacteria and cells. If the white cell count is above a baseline level, or if organisms are identified and the patient has symptoms , an infection is very likely. Further testing in the laboratory involves culturing the bacteria from the urine by growing it in a special medium and testing different antibiotics on it to see which one is most effective.
How your urine sample is handled in hospital may be different. Larger hospitals have a laboratory on site and patients will usually wait in the emergency department for the results of the laboratory microscopic evaluation. Doctors then start treatment with this extra information.
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