They also require the optimum temperature to keep themselves warm and grow. In this article, we are going to discuss in details about some of the topics like insolation, terrestrial radiation, heat budget of the earth, albedo, etc.
It varies according to the place and time. When the tropical regions receive maximum annual insolation, it gradually decreases towards the poles. Insolation is more in summers and less in winters. The major factors which influence the amount of insolation received are:.
Note: Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical desert, where the cloudiness is the least. The equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics.
Generally, at the same latitude, the insolation is more over the continent than over the oceans. In winter, the middle and higher latitudes receive less radiation than in summer. The sun is the ultimate source of atmospheric heat and energy. There are different ways of heating and cooling of the atmosphere. They are:. Temperature and wavelength are inversely proportional.
Hotter the object, shorter is the length of the wave. Enroll Now. Note: Topics like Temperature, Factors controlling Temperature and Distribution of Temperature will be covered in the next article. ClearIAS provides online IAS coaching , guidance, strategies, books , online study-materials and mock tests with a vision that no candidate should be left out of UPSC exam competition due to in-accessibility of expensive IAS classroom coaching.
The solar spectrum calculator at PV lighthouse also gives the solar spectrum as a function of location and time of the day. It uses a slightly simpler algorithm from Bird 4. Light is absorbed as it passes through the atmosphere and at the same time it is subject to scattering. One of the mechanisms for light scattering in the atmosphere is known as Rayleigh scattering which is caused by molecules in the atmosphere. In addition to Rayleigh scattering, aerosols and dust particles contribute to the scattering of incident light known as Mie scattering.
Scattered light is undirected, and so it appears to be coming from any region of the sky. This light is called "diffuse" light. Since diffuse light is primarily "blue" light, the light that comes from regions of the sky other than where the sun is, appears blue.
In the absence of scattering in the atmosphere, the sky would appear black, and the sun would appear as a disk light source. The final effect of the atmosphere on incident solar radiation is due to local variations in the atmosphere.
Depending on the type of cloud cover, the incident power is severely reduced. An example of heavy cloud cover is shown below. Both records are characterized by a strong year cycle, often called the sunspot cycle. The magnitude of variation in the Solar Constant, however, is quite small and we shall see in our lab activity for this module that this amounts to a very small change in the temperature of the Earth. Skip to main content.
The climate system begins with energy from the Sun. The Earth is so far away from the Sun that the incoming rays of energy are all essentially parallel thin black lines within the yellow region. This means that the insolation is more concentrated near the equator and weaker near the poles. The Earth orbits around the Sun with its spin axis the line connecting the North and South Poles tilted at This tilt, or obliquity, gives rise to the variation in seasons, and the larger the tilt angle, the greater the contrast in seasons this tilt changes on a timescale of about 40, years.
The degree of ellipticity is called the orbital eccentricity; it changes on timescales of 95,, ,, and , years.
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